Biochemistry tests

A
ALT - Alanine Aminotransferase

•  Liver disease
• Reference range: 20 - 60 IU/L

AST - Aspartate Aminotransferase (or SGOT)

• Cardiac or skeletal muscle disease

Albumin (Alb) - protein made by the liver.

• Liver disorder, Kidney disease, Nutritional status

ALP - Alkaline phosphatase test

• Liver disease and bone disorder, detect block bile duct.
• (GGT test is used to differentiate between liver disease and bone disorder)

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B
BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen

• evaluate the kidney function

Bilirubin 

• Jaundice, liver disease, hemolytic anemia, blocked bile ducts
• 2 Forms : 
• Unconjugated bilirubin - converted from released heme of hemoglobin and carried to liver by protein.
• Total bilirubin level - Direct bilirubin level = Indirect level of unconjugated bilirubin.
• Conjugated bilirubin - sugar attached bilirubin which formed in liver.
• Direct bilirubin test: detect water-soluble form of conjugated bilirubin.

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C
Creatinine - waste product resulted from breakdown of creatine by the muscles.

• evaluate kidney function

CRP - (C-reactive protein)

• "Marker" of inflammation in body
• Monitor inflammatory disease activity, detect postoperative and neonatal infections and assess transplant rejection

CK - (Creatine Kinase)

• Skeletal and heart muscles disease
• Reference range: 30 - 225 IU/mL
• Isoenzyme:
• CK-BB  (CK-1)
• CK-MB (CK-2)
• More sensitive marker for heart injury because has lower basal level and a narrower normal range
• Reference range: 0 - 5 ng/mL
• CK-MM (CK-3)

Cholesterol

• Heart disease
• Reference range: below 200 mg/dL for adult

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G
GGT - gamma-glutamyl transferase

• elevated only when there is bile duct disease or liver disease.

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L
LDH - ( Lactate dehydrogenase)

• Cellular or tissue injury
• Reference range: 300 - 600 IU/mL.

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P
Potassium serum - abundant cation in intracellular

• Renal failure ....
• ( Other factitious causes: In vitro haemolysis, Aged specimen,... )  
• Reference range: 3.6 to 5.0 mEq/L.

Phosphorus

• diagnose or monitor treatment which will affect the phosphorus level.

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S
 Sodium serum - abundant cation in extracellular

• Hyponatremia ( Electrolyte abnormality/ Unbalanced serum osmolality)
• Reference range: 134 - 144 mEq/L.

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(Specimen requirement : blood within SST tube.)

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